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Heteromeles arbutifolia
Toyon
Heteromeles arbutifolia
Heteromeles arbutifolia, commonly known as Toyon, is a shrub or small tree native to California and Baja California. It is characterized by its glossy, leathery leaves, small white flowers in summer, and vibrant red berries that ripen in the fall and persist through winter. The berries are a crucial food source for many birds during the winter months. Toyon is an important part of the chaparral ecosystem and is often used in landscaping.
CategoryDetails
Plant TypePerennial plant
Estimated Plant Lifespan50 years lifespan
Sun Requirements6+ hours direct sunlight (Full Sun)
Pollination

Method: Animal

Notes: Toyon is pollinated by insects, particularly bees and other pollinators attracted to its flowers.

Watering Requirements

Method: Deep watering

Frequency: Once or twice a month, or when soil is dry to the touch.

Notes: Toyon is drought-tolerant once established, so avoid overwatering. Water deeply but infrequently to encourage deep root growth.

Humidity Requirements

Level: Moderate

Maintenance: Toyon tolerates the humidity of its native California habitats well. No specific humidity maintenance is typically required.

Temperature Range

Min: -9°C

Max: 38°C

Alternative NamesChristmas Berry, California Holly, Photinia arbutifolia
Salvia clevelandii
Cleveland Sage
Salvia clevelandii
Cleveland Sage complements Toyon by attracting pollinators with its fragrant flowers, which can also benefit the Toyon during its flowering season. They share similar sun and water requirements.
Eucalyptus globulus
Tasmanian blue gum
Eucalyptus globulus

Eucalyptus can quickly outgrow native species like Toyon, monopolizing resources such as water and sunlight due to its rapid growth and extensive root system.

Arundo donax
giant reed
Arundo donax

Giant Reed is highly competitive and can aggressively spread, displacing native plants like Toyon by forming dense thickets that block sunlight and consume water and nutrients.

Aphids

Aphids are small, sap-sucking insects that can infest Toyon. They feed on the plant's sap, causing yellowing leaves, stunted growth, and the secretion of honeydew. Infestations can weaken the plant and attract ants.

Spider mites

Spider mites are tiny arachnids that suck the sap from Toyon leaves, causing stippling and bronzing. They thrive in hot, dry conditions and can quickly reproduce, leading to significant damage if not controlled.

Steps:

    • Take semi-hardwood cuttings in late summer or early fall.
    • Dip the cut end in rooting hormone.
    • Plant the cuttings in a well-draining rooting medium.
    • Keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged.
    • Provide bright, indirect light.
    • Once rooted, transplant into individual pots and acclimate to outdoor conditions before planting.
    • Collect seeds from ripe berries.
    • Clean seeds and cold stratify them for 1-3 months.
    • Sow seeds in a well-draining seed starting mix.
    • Keep the soil moist and provide adequate light.
    • Transplant seedlings when they are large enough to handle.

Neem Oil

Neem oil is a natural insecticide and fungicide that can help control aphids and spider mites.

Insecticidal Soap

Insecticidal soap is effective against aphids and other soft-bodied insects. It is a contact insecticide that disrupts the insects' cell membranes.

Compost

Applying compost to the base of the Toyon can improve soil health, drainage, and provide nutrients.